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Nina S. Liland, Irene Biancarosa, Pedro Araujo, Daan Biemans, Christian G. Bruckner, Rune Waagbø, Bente E. Torstensen, Erik-Jan Lock
Modulation of nutrient composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae by feeding seaweed-enriched media
www.plosone.org
www.plosone.org
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(ing)Tj
1.5023 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(particle)Tj
3.1975 0 Td
(size)Tj
1.6894 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(0.52)Tj
2.3868 0 Td
(mm)Tj
1.8595 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(freezing)Tj
3.4186 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(-30C.)Tj
2.8063 0 Td
(At)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(facility)Tj
2.897 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0204 0 Td
(Protix)Tj
2.6873 0 Td
(Biosystems)Tj
4.6488 0 Td
(BV)Tj
-36.1585 -1.2983 Td
(\(Dongen,)Tj
4.0138 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(Netherlands\),)Tj
5.6863 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(ground)Tj
3.1691 0 Td
(seaweed)Tj
3.498 0 Td
(biomass)Tj
3.4752 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(thawed)Tj
3.1124 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(mixed)Tj
2.727 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(the)Tj
-34.3556 -1.2983 Td
(plant-based)Tj
4.8642 0 Td
(control)Tj
3.1237 0 Td
(medium)Tj
3.6057 0 Td
(according)Tj
4.1896 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(experimental)Tj
5.4595 0 Td
(design,)Tj
3.0387 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(sample)Tj
3.0217 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(each)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(feeding)Tj
-33.4939 -1.2982 Td
(medium)Tj
3.6056 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(frozen)Tj
2.7723 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3889 0 Td
(analysis.)Tj
/F17 1 Tf
-8.2657 -1.3039 Td
(Rearing)Tj
3.5092 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0659 0 Td
(BSF)Tj
1.8992 0 Td
(larvae.)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
3.5546 0 Td
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1.7858 0 Td
(experiment)Tj
4.7735 0 Td
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1.7008 0 Td
(carried)Tj
3.0387 0 Td
(out)Tj
1.5534 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(facility)Tj
2.9026 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
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2.6872 0 Td
(Biosystems)Tj
-33.1027 -1.2983 Td
(BV)Tj
1.491 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(8)Tj
0.6917 0 Td
(days)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(old)Tj
1.4967 0 Td
(BSF)Tj
1.8085 0 Td
(larvae)Tj
2.5795 0 Td
(\(from)Tj
2.5455 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(Protix)Tj
2.6872 0 Td
(BSF)Tj
1.8028 0 Td
(colony\).)Tj
3.4696 0 Td
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3.7474 0 Td
(experimental)Tj
5.4538 0 Td
(units)Tj
-33.2501 -1.2983 Td
(\(crates)Tj
2.8686 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(size)Tj
1.6838 0 Td
(40x30x15cm\))Tj
5.5898 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(added)Tj
2.6646 0 Td
(their)Tj
2.109 0 Td
(respective)Tj
4.1839 0 Td
(feeding)Tj
3.1634 0 Td
(media)Tj
2.6872 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(~15)Tj
1.7462 0 Td
(000)Tj
1.6497 0 Td
(BSF)Tj
1.8028 0 Td
(larvae)Tj
-35.0189 -1.3039 Td
(\(individual)Tj
4.6261 0 Td
(weight)Tj
2.8856 0 Td
(~13.7)Tj
2.4548 0 Td
(mg\).)Tj
2.0693 0 Td
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3.4015 0 Td
(medium)Tj
3.6057 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(added)Tj
2.6588 0 Td
(daily)Tj
2.1487 0 Td
(until)Tj
2.1089 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(control)Tj
3.1237 0 Td
(group)Tj
2.6079 0 Td
(\(BA0\))Tj
-34.8602 -1.2983 Td
(reached)Tj
3.3505 0 Td
(harvest)Tj
3.0897 0 Td
(size)Tj
1.6838 0 Td
(\(individual)Tj
4.6318 0 Td
(larvae)Tj
2.5795 0 Td
(weight)Tj
2.8856 0 Td
(~100)Tj
2.2281 0 Td
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1.7291 0 Td
(total)Tj
2.0069 0 Td
(feeding)Tj
3.1634 0 Td
(period)Tj
2.8347 0 Td
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1.6951 0 Td
(8)Tj
0.6973 0 Td
(days\).)Tj
2.5625 0 Td
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-35.138 -1.2982 Td
(larvae)Tj
2.5851 0 Td
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2.1203 0 Td
(kept)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
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3.8778 0 Td
(darkness)Tj
3.7417 0 Td
(during)Tj
2.931 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(experiment,)Tj
5.0003 0 Td
(only)Tj
1.9786 0 Td
(while)Tj
2.3697 0 Td
(feed)Tj
1.8822 0 Td
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1.7008 0 Td
(added)Tj
2.6589 0 Td
(light)Tj
-35.3081 -1.3039 Td
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1.6951 0 Td
(present.)Tj
3.3902 0 Td
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3.4072 0 Td
(media)Tj
2.6872 0 Td
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1.7008 0 Td
(added)Tj
2.6589 0 Td
(depending)Tj
4.473 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(how)Tj
1.9389 0 Td
(much)Tj
2.5171 0 Td
(uneaten)Tj
3.4243 0 Td
(media)Tj
2.6929 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(left)Tj
1.4796 0 Td
(in)Tj
-35.0359 -1.2983 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(crates)Tj
2.5341 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9525 0 Td
(feeding)Tj
3.1634 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(according)Tj
4.184 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(size)Tj
1.6838 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(larvae.)Tj
2.8063 0 Td
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2.3187 0 Td
(feed)Tj
1.8822 0 Td
(added)Tj
2.6589 0 Td
(per)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(crate)Tj
2.1713 0 Td
(was)Tj
-34.0722 -1.2983 Td
(recorded)Tj
3.7927 0 Td
(daily.)Tj
2.3754 0 Td
(At)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(end)Tj
1.7178 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(trial,)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(total)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(weight)Tj
2.8856 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(larvae)Tj
2.5852 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(waste)Tj
2.4208 0 Td
(material)Tj
3.5149 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(recorded)Tj
-33.3862 -1.3039 Td
(per)Tj
1.5306 0 Td
(crate.)Tj
2.3981 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(larvae)Tj
2.5852 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(grown)Tj
2.7949 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9525 0 Td
(30C)Tj
2.228 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(65%)Tj
1.9333 0 Td
(relative)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(humidity.)Tj
-22.2575 -1.2982 Td
(At)Tj
1.2075 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(end)Tj
1.7177 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(eight-day)Tj
3.9684 0 Td
(growth)Tj
3.0785 0 Td
(period)Tj
2.8289 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(larvae)Tj
2.5795 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(separated)Tj
4.0082 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(feeding)Tj
3.1635 0 Td
(media)Tj
-34.9793 -1.2983 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(manual)Tj
3.2314 0 Td
(sieving)Tj
3.0047 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(immediately)Tj
5.1987 0 Td
(preserved)Tj
4.0932 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(freezing)Tj
3.4186 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(dry)Tj
1.576 0 Td
(ice.)Tj
1.5591 0 Td
(Samples)Tj
3.4979 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(waste)Tj
-34.6278 -1.2983 Td
(material)Tj
3.5149 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(collected)Tj
3.7417 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(immediately)Tj
5.1987 0 Td
(frozen)Tj
2.7723 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(dry)Tj
1.576 0 Td
(ice.)Tj
1.5591 0 Td
(Total)Tj
2.313 0 Td
(waste)Tj
2.4208 0 Td
(material)Tj
3.5149 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(weighed)Tj
-33.4372 -1.3039 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(recorded.)Tj
4.0195 0 Td
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3.0103 0 Td
(samples)Tj
3.3846 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(ground)Tj
3.1691 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(powder)Tj
3.2542 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(blender)Tj
3.2655 0 Td
(\(Knife)Tj
2.7609 0 Td
(Mill)Tj
1.8765 0 Td
(Grin-)Tj
-34.4917 -1.2983 Td
(domix)Tj
2.8062 0 Td
(GM)Tj
1.8255 0 Td
(100,)Tj
1.8766 0 Td
(Retsch,)Tj
3.101 0 Td
(Haan,)Tj
2.6249 0 Td
(Germany\).)Tj
4.5524 0 Td
(Dry)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(ice)Tj
1.3323 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(added)Tj
2.6589 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(blending)Tj
3.753 0 Td
(process)Tj
3.1861 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(pre-)Tj
-34.7355 -1.2982 Td
(vent)Tj
1.9445 0 Td
(thawing)Tj
3.4469 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(samples.)Tj
3.6057 0 Td
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3.6169 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(samples)Tj
3.3845 0 Td
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2.1203 0 Td
(freeze-dried)Tj
5.0343 0 Td
(\(as)Tj
1.355 0 Td
(described)Tj
4.0535 0 Td
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-32.0596 -1.3039 Td
(chemical)Tj
3.7813 0 Td
(analysis\).)Tj
3.8948 0 Td
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1.3947 0 Td
(samples)Tj
3.3845 0 Td
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2.1203 0 Td
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2.7099 0 Td
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0.9524 0 Td
(-30C)Tj
2.5796 0 Td
(until)Tj
2.1089 0 Td
(analysed.)Tj
-21.7302 -1.2983 Td
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1.7858 0 Td
(feeding)Tj
3.1634 0 Td
(media,)Tj
2.914 0 Td
(harvested)Tj
4.0422 0 Td
(larvae)Tj
2.5852 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(compost)Tj
3.6567 0 Td
(left)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(after)Tj
2.0352 0 Td
(removal)Tj
3.4753 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(larvae)Tj
2.5852 0 Td
(\(waste\))Tj
3.1011 0 Td
(were)Tj
-34.7582 -1.2983 Td
(lyophilized)Tj
4.6147 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(content)Tj
3.2655 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(dry)Tj
1.5761 0 Td
(matter)Tj
2.8629 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(first)Tj
1.8028 0 Td
(freezing)Tj
3.4243 0 Td
(24)Tj
1.1678 0 Td
(h)Tj
0.7484 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(-20C)Tj
2.5795 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(vacuum)Tj
3.4073 0 Td
(\(0.20.01)Tj
-32.4905 -1.3039 Td
(mBar\))Tj
2.7609 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(then)Tj
2.0182 0 Td
(leaving)Tj
3.0558 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(vacuum)Tj
3.4072 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9525 0 Td
(25C)Tj
2.228 0 Td
(until)Tj
2.109 0 Td
(constant)Tj
3.6396 0 Td
(weight.)Tj
3.1068 0 Td
(Total)Tj
2.3187 0 Td
(lipid)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(\(ethyl)Tj
2.5115 0 Td
(acetate)Tj
-32.927 -1.2983 Td
(extraction\))Tj
4.5977 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(ash)Tj
1.5421 0 Td
(content)Tj
3.2655 0 Td
(\(550C,)Tj
3.2711 0 Td
(overnight\))Tj
4.422 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(measured)Tj
4.1046 0 Td
(gravimetrically)Tj
6.1965 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(wet,)Tj
1.8539 0 Td
(ground)Tj
-33.7207 -1.2982 Td
(samples)Tj
3.3788 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(larvae.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 203.9811 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Chemical)Tj
4.3323 0 Td
(analyses)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 186.9732 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(Analysis)Tj
3.5773 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(total)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(amino)Tj
2.7949 0 Td
(acids)Tj
2.2337 0 Td
(\(excluding)Tj
4.4561 0 Td
(cysteine)Tj
3.4185 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(tryptophan\))Tj
5.0343 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(feeding)Tj
3.1635 0 Td
(media,)Tj
2.914 0 Td
(larvae)Tj
2.5851 0 Td
(and)Tj
-35.943 -1.2982 Td
(waste)Tj
2.4207 0 Td
(material)Tj
3.515 0 Td
(after)Tj
2.0352 0 Td
(harvesting)Tj
4.371 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(larvae)Tj
2.5851 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(carried)Tj
3.0388 0 Td
(out)Tj
1.5533 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(ultra)Tj
2.0976 0 Td
(performance)Tj
5.3461 0 Td
(liquid)Tj
2.5626 0 Td
(chroma-)Tj
-33.8738 -1.2983 Td
(tography)Tj
3.7927 0 Td
(\(UPLC,)Tj
3.2825 0 Td
(Waters)Tj
3.0727 0 Td
(Acquity)Tj
3.3846 0 Td
(UPLC)Tj
2.7155 0 Td
(system\))Tj
3.2825 0 Td
(coupled)Tj
3.3903 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6577 0 Td
(UV)Tj
1.6497 0 Td
(detector)Tj
3.4923 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(15)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(16)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.2541 0 Td
(Wet,)Tj
-33.9701 -1.2982 Td
(powdered)Tj
4.2009 0 Td
(samples)Tj
3.3845 0 Td
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4.5241 0 Td
(3040)Tj
2.6419 0 Td
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1.5023 0 Td
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1.0148 0 Td
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3.1578 0 Td
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2.1203 0 Td
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4.6204 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(6M)Tj
1.5874 0 Td
(HCl)Tj
1.8992 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(110C)Tj
2.6986 0 Td
(for)Tj
-35.3421 -1.304 Td
(22)Tj
1.1678 0 Td
(hours.)Tj
2.7439 0 Td
(Prior)Tj
2.2961 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(hydrolysis,)Tj
4.524 0 Td
(3.125)Tj
2.3528 0 Td
(mM)Tj
1.9275 0 Td
(Norvaline)Tj
4.2123 0 Td
(\(Sigma-Aldrich,)Tj
6.6443 0 Td
(St.)Tj
1.2189 0 Td
(Louis,)Tj
2.6476 0 Td
(MO,)Tj
2.0862 0 Td
(USA\))Tj
2.4548 0 Td
(was)Tj
-35.2967 -1.2982 Td
(added)Tj
2.6588 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(internal)Tj
3.3562 0 Td
(standard,)Tj
3.9515 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(0.1M)Tj
2.2904 0 Td
(Dithiothreitol)Tj
5.76 0 Td
(\(DTT,)Tj
2.7439 0 Td
(Sigma-Aldrich\))Tj
6.4233 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(antioxidant)Tj
-32.1446 -1.2983 Td
(agent)Tj
2.3867 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(protect)Tj
3.0614 0 Td
(methionine)Tj
4.8473 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.211 0 Td
(degradation)Tj
5.0229 0 Td
(during)Tj
2.9254 0 Td
(acid)Tj
1.8708 0 Td
(hydrolysis.)Tj
4.5241 0 Td
(For)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(further)Tj
3.0274 0 Td
(protective)Tj
-33.1878 -1.3039 Td
(aid,)Tj
1.6724 0 Td
(sample)Tj
3.0217 0 Td
(tubes)Tj
2.3357 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(topped)Tj
3.0104 0 Td
(up)Tj
1.2642 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(nitrogen)Tj
3.651 0 Td
(gas.)Tj
1.7064 0 Td
(During)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(acid)Tj
1.8709 0 Td
(hydrolysis,)Tj
4.5241 0 Td
(cysteine)Tj
3.4242 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(tryp-)Tj
-35.4668 -1.2983 Td
(tophan)Tj
3.05 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
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